Weaning ventilatorio en cuidados críticos: desafíos y estrategias de mejora
CRITICAL CARE & EMERGENGY MEDICINE VOL. 6
Ventilatory weaning in critical care: challenges and improvement strategies
- 26 agosto, 2026
- Revisión narrativa, Volumen 6
Abstract
Abstract: Weaning from mechanical ventilation is a critical stage in the management of critically ill adults, as both unjustified delays in extubation and premature withdrawal of ventilatory support are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in respiratory physiology and bedside monitoring tools, difficulties persist in adequately integrating the different available predictors and reducing clinical errors during this process. The aim of this review was to synthesize recent evidence on the main challenges of ventilatory weaning and opportunities for improvement applicable to critical care practice. A narrative literature review with a clinical focus was conducted, prioritizing international guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical studies addressing spontaneous breathing trials and their modalities, physiological predictors of success or failure, post-extubation respiratory support, and strategies to optimize the process of liberation from mechanical ventilation. Available evidence supports the spontaneous breathing trial as a central component of the weaning process; however, no single testing method or predictor has demonstrated sufficient accuracy to independently support the decision to extubate. The rapid shallow breathing index, maximal inspiratory pressure, natriuretic biomarkers, and lung and diaphragmatic ultrasound may provide complementary information when interpreted together with clinical assessment and the patient’s pathophysiological context. Therefore, successful weaning should be considered a dynamic and individualized process based on the multimodal integration of clinical, respiratory, and hemodynamic variables, with the aim of timely identifying patients with a high probability of successful extubation and reducing preventable extubation failures.
Resumen
Resumen: El destete de la ventilación mecánica constituye una etapa decisiva en el manejo del paciente adulto crítico, ya que tanto el retraso injustificado de la extubación como la retirada prematura del soporte ventilatorio se asocian con un incremento de la morbimortalidad. A pesar de los avances en fisiología respiratoria y en las herramientas de monitorización a la cabecera, persisten dificultades para integrar adecuadamente los diferentes predictores y reducir los errores clínicos durante este proceso. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre los principales desafíos del destete ventilatorio y las oportunidades de mejora aplicables a la práctica en cuidados críticos. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura con enfoque clínico, priorizando guías internacionales, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y estudios clínicos relevantes sobre las pruebas de ventilación espontánea y sus modalidades, los predictores fisiológicos de éxito o fracaso, el soporte respiratorio postextubación y las estrategias destinadas a optimizar el proceso de desvinculación de la ventilación mecánica. La evidencia disponible respalda la prueba de ventilación espontánea como elemento central del proceso; sin embargo, ningún método de prueba ni predictor aislado ha demostrado una precisión suficiente para sustentar por sí solo la decisión de extubación. El índice de respiración rápida y superficial, la presión inspiratoria máxima, los biomarcadores natriuréticos y la ecografía pulmonar y diafragmática pueden aportar información complementaria cuando se interpretan en conjunto con la evaluación clínica y el contexto fisiopatológico del paciente. En este sentido, el destete ventilatorio debe considerarse un proceso dinámico e individualizado, basado en la integración multimodal de variables clínicas, respiratorias y hemodinámicas, con el objetivo de identificar de manera oportuna a los pacientes con alta probabilidad de éxito y reducir las fallas evitables de la extubación.
Keywords
Mechanical ventilation, weaning, predictors of success.
Biografias de autores
Oswaldo Andrés Bolaños Ladinez
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Paula Francisca Olivos Massa
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Susy Arelis López Laaz ![]()
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Vanessa Campozano Burgos ![]()
Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
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- 26 agosto, 2026
- Revisión narrativa, Volumen 6
Abstract
Abstract: Weaning from mechanical ventilation is a critical stage in the management of critically ill adults, as both unjustified delays in extubation and premature withdrawal of ventilatory support are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in respiratory physiology and bedside monitoring tools, difficulties persist in adequately integrating the different available predictors and reducing clinical errors during this process. The aim of this review was to synthesize recent evidence on the main challenges of ventilatory weaning and opportunities for improvement applicable to critical care practice. A narrative literature review with a clinical focus was conducted, prioritizing international guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical studies addressing spontaneous breathing trials and their modalities, physiological predictors of success or failure, post-extubation respiratory support, and strategies to optimize the process of liberation from mechanical ventilation. Available evidence supports the spontaneous breathing trial as a central component of the weaning process; however, no single testing method or predictor has demonstrated sufficient accuracy to independently support the decision to extubate. The rapid shallow breathing index, maximal inspiratory pressure, natriuretic biomarkers, and lung and diaphragmatic ultrasound may provide complementary information when interpreted together with clinical assessment and the patient’s pathophysiological context. Therefore, successful weaning should be considered a dynamic and individualized process based on the multimodal integration of clinical, respiratory, and hemodynamic variables, with the aim of timely identifying patients with a high probability of successful extubation and reducing preventable extubation failures.
Resumen
Resumen: El destete de la ventilación mecánica constituye una etapa decisiva en el manejo del paciente adulto crítico, ya que tanto el retraso injustificado de la extubación como la retirada prematura del soporte ventilatorio se asocian con un incremento de la morbimortalidad. A pesar de los avances en fisiología respiratoria y en las herramientas de monitorización a la cabecera, persisten dificultades para integrar adecuadamente los diferentes predictores y reducir los errores clínicos durante este proceso. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre los principales desafíos del destete ventilatorio y las oportunidades de mejora aplicables a la práctica en cuidados críticos. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura con enfoque clínico, priorizando guías internacionales, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y estudios clínicos relevantes sobre las pruebas de ventilación espontánea y sus modalidades, los predictores fisiológicos de éxito o fracaso, el soporte respiratorio postextubación y las estrategias destinadas a optimizar el proceso de desvinculación de la ventilación mecánica. La evidencia disponible respalda la prueba de ventilación espontánea como elemento central del proceso; sin embargo, ningún método de prueba ni predictor aislado ha demostrado una precisión suficiente para sustentar por sí solo la decisión de extubación. El índice de respiración rápida y superficial, la presión inspiratoria máxima, los biomarcadores natriuréticos y la ecografía pulmonar y diafragmática pueden aportar información complementaria cuando se interpretan en conjunto con la evaluación clínica y el contexto fisiopatológico del paciente. En este sentido, el destete ventilatorio debe considerarse un proceso dinámico e individualizado, basado en la integración multimodal de variables clínicas, respiratorias y hemodinámicas, con el objetivo de identificar de manera oportuna a los pacientes con alta probabilidad de éxito y reducir las fallas evitables de la extubación.
Keywords
Mechanical ventilation, weaning, predictors of success.
Biografias de autores
Oswaldo Andrés Bolaños Ladinez
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Paula Francisca Olivos Massa
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Susy Arelis López Laaz ![]()
Hospital Clínica San Francisco, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Vanessa Campozano Burgos ![]()
Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.
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